Go to Settings > Privacy & security > Microphone. Confirm 'Microphone access' is on, and that 'Let apps access your microphone' and the specific app you're testing with (Teams, Zoom, etc.) are toggled on. A Windows update around Aug 1 could easily have reset this.
Right-click the speaker icon in the taskbar > Sound settings > Input. Make sure 'Surface Microphone Array' or similar is selected as default, not an old/disconnected device.
Open Device Manager > Audio inputs and outputs (and also check under 'Sound, video and game controllers'). Look for a yellow warning icon or a duplicate/ghost microphone entry. Right-click each Surface audio device > Properties > check if it says 'This device is working properly'.
Since this started on a specific date, check Settings > Windows Update > Update history for anything installed right before Aug 1. Go to Settings > Windows Update > Advanced options > Uninstall updates and try rolling back the most recent cumulative update. Also check Windows Update for any newer fix released after that date.
Settings > System > Troubleshoot > Other troubleshooters > Recording Audio.
Run the Surface Diagnostic Toolkit